Headwater catchments form the uppermost parts of river networks and represent a substantial fraction of the European hydrological system. Although relatively small, they play a critical role in controlling water resources and sustaining downstream ecosystems. Their functioning is largely governed by the aquifers they host, which regulate water storage and release to streams, sustaining flows during dry periods and buffering climatic variability.
Despite their importance, headwater systems remain poorly understood and difficult to predict, due to complex interactions between geology, topography, and climate, and limited observational data. In the context of increasing droughts and pressure on water resources, this lack of understanding limits our ability to anticipate future...
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